Constitutional Framework
Governance in Mohéli operates under a clear constitutional framework that defines the powers and responsibilities at both the Union and island levels. The Constitution of the Union of the Comoros (most recently revised in 2018) is the supreme law of the land, establishing Comoros as a unitary state while guaranteeing the autonomy of Mohéli (Mwali) and the other islands . This Union Constitution outlines the distribution of competencies: matters such as defense, foreign affairs, nationality, currency, and religion are exclusive to the Union government, whereas certain local matters (for example, local infrastructure, primary education, fishing, and local commerce) can be legislated and managed by the island authorities
Notably, after a period of political instability in the late 1990s, a new federal arrangement was agreed – Mohéli ratified the new Comorian Constitution on March 10, 2002, which significantly decentralized power and created the post of President (now Governor) of Mohéli . Simultaneously, Mohéli adopted its own Fundamental Law of the Autonomous Island of Mwali (Mohéli) in 2002 . This local constitution (or charter) acts in harmony with the Union Constitution, detailing the structure of Mohéli’s island institutions (the Governorship, Island Assembly, and local judiciary offices) and the scope of their authority. It ensures that Mohéli can manage its internal affairs democratically while remaining an integral part of the Comoros.
Under the current constitutional framework (post-2018 reforms), the islands have slightly reduced autonomy in favor of a stronger central government, but they still retain significant local powers and cultural self-expression. For example, Mohéli can pass island laws (ordinances) on topics delegated to it and can manage its budget for locally provided services. Any conflicts of jurisdiction between Mohéli and the Union are resolved by the judicial system – previously a Constitutional Court and now the Supreme Court of Comoros plays that role .
The Constitution also enshrines fundamental rights (e.g. equality before the law, freedom of religion and speech) which the Mohéli government must uphold. In addition, traditional law (customary law known as mila na ntsi) and Islamic law influence local life in Mohéli, particularly in family and personal matters, but always within the overarching legal framework . In summary, governance in Mohéli is constitutionally grounded, with the Union Constitution and Mohéli’s own statutes working together to create a balance between national unity and regional autonomy. Citizens can access the full texts of these constitutions on our site (see the Legal Resources page) to better understand their rights and the government’s duties.
